Anorexia nervosa is characterized by emaciation, a relentless pursuit of thinness
and unwillingness to maintain a normal or healthy weight, a distortion of body image
and intense fear of gaining weight, a lack of menstruation among girls and women, and
extremely disturbed eating behavior. Some people with anorexia lose weight by dieting
and exercising excessively; others lose weight by self-induced vomiting, or misusing
laxatives, diuretics or enemas.
Many people with anorexia see themselves as overweight, even when they are starved
or are clearly malnourished. Eating, food and weight control become obsessions. A
person with anorexia typically weighs herself or himself repeatedly, portions food
carefully, and eats only very small quantities of only certain foods. Some who have
anorexia recover with treatment after only one episode. Others get well but have
relapses. Still others have a more chronic form of anorexia, in which their health
deteriorates over many years as they battle the illness.
According to some studies, people with anorexia are up to ten times more likely to die
as a result of their illness compared to those without the disorder. The most common
complications that lead to death are cardiac arrest, and electrolyte and fluid
imbalances. Suicide also can result.
Many people with anorexia also have coexisting psychiatric and physical illnesses,
including depression, anxiety, obsessive behavior, substance abuse, cardiovascular and
neurological complications, and impaired physical development.
Other symptoms may develop over time, including:
 | thinning of the bones (osteopenia or osteoporosis) | |
| brittle hair and nails | |
| dry and yellowish skin | |
| growth of fine hair over body (e.g., lanugo) | |
| mild anemia, and muscle weakness and loss | |
| severe constipation | |
| low blood pressure, slowed breathing and pulse | |
| drop in internal body temperature, causing a person to feel cold all the time | |
| lethargy |
TREATING ANOREXIA involves three components:
- restoring the person to a healthy weight;
- treating the psychological issues related to the eating disorder; and
- reducing or eliminating behaviors or thoughts that lead to disordered eating, and
preventing relapse.
Some research suggests that the use of medications, such as antidepressants,
antipsychotics or mood stabilizers, may be modestly effective in treating patients with
anorexia by helping to resolve mood and anxiety symptoms that often co-exist with
anorexia. Recent studies, however, have suggested that antidepressants may not be
effective in preventing some patients with anorexia from relapsing. In addition, no
medication has shown to be effective during the critical first phase of restoring a
patient to healthy weight. Overall, it is unclear if and how medications can help
patients conquer anorexia, but research is ongoing.
Different forms of psychotherapy, including individual, group and family-based, can
help address the psychological reasons for the illness. Some studies suggest that family-
based therapies in which parents assume responsibility for feeding their afflicted
adolescent are the most effective in helping a person with anorexia gain weight and
improve eating habits and moods.
Shown to be effective in case studies and clinical trials, this particular approach is
discussed in some guidelines and studies for treating eating disorders in younger,
nonchronic patients.
Others have noted that a combined approach of medical attention and supportive
psychotherapy designed specifically for anorexia patients is more effective than just
psychotherapy. But the effectiveness of a treatment depends on the person involved
and his or her situation. Unfortunately, no specific psychotherapy appears to be
consistently effective for treating adults with anorexia. However, research into novel
treatment and prevention approaches is showing some promise. One study suggests
that an online intervention program may prevent some at-risk women from
developing an eating disorder.
This article is authored by the National Institute of Mental Health, part of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH), a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Anorexia Nervosa
I am happy to answer your questions about my services in St. Louis, Missouri.
Click Here to send me confidential email.Patricia Kyle Dennis PhD
Licensed Clinical Social Worker
Saint Louis, Missouri
Specialist in the
Treatment of
Eating Disorders
Psychotherapy for
Individuals
Families
Groups
